Developing an Evaluation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Building up an Evaluation Plan - Assignment Example The devices that will be utilized in the assessment procedure incorporate polls, overviews, appraisal tests, and weight scales. This paper targets investigating the techniques for assessing the task and their results. Meetings are the principle strategy for doing the assessment procedure. The meetings will be led eye to eye by the dietician and the physical exercise teacher. This is on the grounds that these people have the information on the venture and they can decipher the non-verbal correspondence of the members (Napoli, Shah, Waters, Sinacore, Qualls, and Villareal, 2014). On the off chance that these coaches need assistance they will select people who will assist them with conducting the execution and assessment of the outcomes. The eating routine and exercise coaches will likewise be engaged with the meetings since they know about the inquiries that will assist them with getting the ideal outcomes (Wadden, and Stunkard, 2004). The eye to eye meetings will help in deciding the mentalities and view of the staff and members who will participate in the undertaking. These mentalities and observations will at that point help to know whether these individuals are eager to stop or keep partaking in the program. The meetings are proficient in light of the fact that they help the examination to get boundless, very much clarified, and nitty gritty reactions. The other proficiency of meetings originates from the way that the questioners can peruse and decipher the non-verbal communication of the respondents (Kang, 2012). The second strategy for assessing the program is the utilization of polls. Polls are reports that contain questions that require composed reactions from the respondents. The surveys will be managed to the respondents every so often to discover how they will advance with the program. The reports will contain both shut and open-finished inquiries to take into consideration

Lost Gen And Harlem :: essays research papers

The Artists of the Harlem Renaissance and the Lost Generation veered from the standard to start a different societies. Harlem was a territory in New York with a broad African American populace. During the ‘20s artists, authors and performers like Langston Hughes, Claude Mckay and Zora Neale Hurston made the Harlem territory the focal point of dark craftsmanship and culture. The lost age was based for the most part in Paris, France. It comprised of war torn men who couldn't return society after World War I. In Europe almost sixty two percent of men had been murdered, caught or crippled in the Great War. Starvation and neediness tormented each country. The Lost Generation was really lost †they felt rankled by the issues at home and many decide to forsake their pre-war land and qualities to move to another country and adjust another culture and ethics. The dark craftsmen of the post WWI period didn't comply with standard society or even â€Å"regular† dark society. Rather they framed their own way of life aside the standard and the development was named the Harlem Renaissance. It was genuinely a meeting up of dark, and somewhat white, social figures. There was minimal outside impact on the Renaissance. Neither enormous industry, with their unlimited advancements to bait clients, nor the counter restriction, or speakeasy culture, that portrayed the thundering ‘20s influenced the differing Harlem culture. Langston Hughes was an extremely unmistakable essayist during the Renaissance. He was an all around refined man who had headed out all over to spots, for example, the USSR, Haiti and Japan. Refered to as the writer Laureate of New York, his composing was a vehicle to communicate social and political dissent. His various utilization of Jazz and dark fables impacted many dark essayists of his time. He was additionally one of the first, alongside Claude Mckay, dark scholars to pull in a significant white crowd. Mckay was a Jamaican conceived artist and writer. He was pulled in to Harlem as a result of its colossal assorted variety of culture. He had been mistreated and bugged during the Red Scare, an across the nation chase for radicals, in light of his status as a liberal paper supervisor. His style of composing pulled in hordes of individuals never presented to dark culture. He â€Å"used customary structures to communicate new ideas†. Zora Neale Hurston was the noticeable lady during the Harlem development. She was a lot of associated with dark legacy and southern culture.

How to Write a Problem Statement for Research

How to Write a Problem Statement for Research Problem Statement for Research: Easy Writing Guide The first and the most vital step in any research is to determine and formulate the research problem. But many students find this task too difficult. This article is a quick guide to writing a problem statement for research proposal. A research problem can be described as the gap in a contemporary knowledge that has to be filled. The most typical sources of research problems are: Various research theories in the fields of knowledge Personal experience of researchers and their interests A reproduction of research studies that were conducted earlier What is the problem statement? A problem statement is the description of the currently existing issue that needs to be addressed. Statement of the problem for research paper provides the necessary context for the study and creates the questions which should be answered in the research process. A strong problem statement is just one sentence which is accompanied by several paragraphs that discuss the problem in detail. The paragraphs should provide persuasive arguments that prove why this problem is worth studying. What are the main components of the problem statement? Statements of problem usually have three elements: The problem itself, presented clearly with enough detail to understand its significance The method that should be used to solve the problem, often presented as a claim or a working thesis The statement of purpose and scope of the proposed project When writing a problem statement for research, you should take into account the following criteria: The problem statement should clearly determine what exactly is to be investigated. The problem statement may be a declarative sentence or a question. The statement of the problem should determine the variables of interests and the study should investigate the specific connections between the variables. When writing a problem statement for qualitative research, you should keep in mind that it’s not possible to state variables in some qualitative methodologies, and you should not do that. But you should explain the qualitative methodology and the parameters of the research methodology. The problem statement for research is important because it gives the context for the further research study and typically develops questions which the proposed study hopes to answer. How to Write a Problem Statement for Research Proposal The problem statement should involve some questions that your proposed research can answer. The significance of the problem should get considerable attention (although the importance of the issues is subjective and can vary in different researchers). The problem statement should determine what key variables can be measured in a relevant way. If writing a problem statement for a research paper, you can identify possible objections to conducting the research you should determine them and respond to them in your problem statement. Your statement of the problem should close with a question. The question could typically include two variables, a measurable connection, and some indication of population. The problem statement is followed by a literature review which is supposed to answer the question of the research problem statement. If the existing literature cannot provide the answer, there is a need to conduct a research to do it. There should be a close connection between the title of the proposal and the question from the problem statement. Identifying the research problem can be challenging but it is a very rewarding process. If you carefully select the research problem, it will provide a right direction for the entire research process and determine the work of the project. Defining your research problem is usually done in several steps: Choose a broad research topic that you are interested in To transform your topic into a manageable problem for further research, ask questions about your topic, such as ‘what/who/where/why/when/how’ Choose one narrow problem you managed to define and ask relevant questions that can help solve this problem Write a problem statement for a research that consists of several sentences which briefly describe the issues that should be investigated, determine the significance of the proposed question, and declare what you are going to do. Choose possible research design after consulting your supervisor Prepare your research proposal Need more advice on how to write a problem statement for research? You can follow these four steps as well. Begin with a general problem that identifies the need for a research Define the specific problem that you propose for a research Include introductory words that describe methodological approach which is relevant to the specific research proposal problem Identify the general population group of the study that you propose Writing a problem statement for any research requires the profound knowledge of the field of study and strong analytical and critical thinking skills. Besides, you should be an expert in academic English language and style. If you cannot write the problem statement for your research on your own, you may get professional help from the experienced writers from our paper writing service. They will provide you with a custom written problem statement that will be clear, concise, and perfect in style and format.

Ljb Company Case - 1592 Words

External Consultation to LJB Company EXTERNAL CONSULTATION TO LJB COMPANY Abstract A paper presented on the case study 2 review of LJB Company. The paper will address growing issues of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, and business ethics in regards to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and adherence to current regulatory federal mandates. Paper presents tools for consideration for tomorrow’s leaders and gives a general overview of internal control strategies corporations take to limit legal responsibility in ethical/moral matters that include; matters of fraud mitigation, document retention, control activities, information/communication factors, monitoring, and assessing risk. This paper argues that†¦show more content†¦* Recommendation: Establish an Audit Committee to have oversight of accounting department. Findings reflect a lack of establishment of responsibility; including essential assignment of individuals that concludes an individual being responsible for a task, and another maintaining physical custody. This also includes the responsibilit y including authorizations and approval for transactions (Kimmel, Weygandt amp; Keiso, 2009). * Recommendation: Allow safe to be placed under physical control of an individual and independent person is identified to conduct physical security reports on the safe. The safe should be placed somewhere in which two individuals are required to access and lock, and record is maintained of access to the safe and checked by supervisor. Segregation is essential to the system of internal controls. Although LJB Company is streamlined for maximum efficiency some recommendations for segregation would be required prior to going public. * Recommendation: Allow for related activities to be assigned to different individuals such as receiving checks and conducting bank reconciliation. Physical custodyShow MoreRelatedLjb Company Case Study 21517 Words   |  7 Pages LJB COMPANY | Internal Control | REQUIREMENTS AND REVISIONS | Prepared To: LJB Company’s President Prepared By: Yenny Gutierrez6/03/2013 | TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction New Internal Control Requirement 4 Establishment of responsibility 4 Segregation of duties 4 Documentation procedures 4 Physical controls 4 Independent internal verification 5 Human Resources controls 5 Reviewing LJB Internal Controls 5 Pre numbered invoices 5 Ink machineRead MoreLjb Company Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesLJB Company: Internal Controls LJB Company: Internal Controls Contents Introduction 3 Internal Control Requirements 2 Strengths and Recommendations 2 Violations 3 Conclusion 4 Works Cited 4 Introduction LJB Company has asked the accounting firm to evaluate their system of internal controls because of the plan to go public in the near future. The president wants to be aware of any new regulations required of his company if they go public. The current system of internal controlsRead MoreEssay Acct 504 Case Study 21016 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting 504 Case Study 2 Keller Graduate School of Management Prepared by: Samara Ellison Prepared for: Professor Hicks 3 April 2013 To: LJB Company President From: Samara Ellison, Accounting Firm Subject: Evaluation of LJB Company’s Internal Control Structures Date: 3 April 2013 Hello LJB Company President: First, I would like to thank you for hiring my accounting firm to evaluate LJB’s internal controls system. This report will inform you of any new internal control requirementsRead MoreInternal Controls Relating to the Bjb Company Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesAll publicly trader companies in the USA are required to maintain and have an up to date system of internal controls. Since the LJB Company is wishing to become a public entity, I am glad to be able to assist in this action. First, the rules and regulations must be reviewed and compared to the company and how it can become public. To make the company attractive to buyers, investors, and other capital sources, it is crucial that the corporate organization and governance are well manifested. CorporateRead MoreEssay on Case Study 2 - Internal Control736 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Two Name Accounting and Finance 02Feb2011 Dear President of LJB Company, (1) If the LJB Company should decide to become a publicly traded company, a few internal controls should be implemented to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). * Management will need to provide periodic quarterly reports to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of LJB’s internal controls over financial reporting procedures. * Management should certify the accuracy and fairness of presentationRead MoreLjb Companys Internal Controls1608 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 2: LJB Company’s Internal Controls Michael Del Toro FI504 - Accounting Abstract This paper shall focus on the criticalities involved in LJB’s transactions and how it may implement internal controls to the business processes while increasing the accountability of individuals involved in its ‘lean business process.’ With the advent of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and its repercussions to the manner in which businesses must prevent fraud (both external and internal) to not misrepresent anyRead MoreEssay Acct 504 - Case Study Ii - Internal Controll1504 Words   |  7 PagesCase study II – Internal control Managerial Accounting and Finance – ACCT 504 Keller Graduate School of Management May 2013 Session Date of June 11, 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Internal control rules and regulations requirements before going public 1 THE BAD – Things that the company does poorly 2 Recommendations to the President 4 Conclusion 6 Bibliography 7 Case study II – Internal control Introduction Internal control refers to methods, techniques and measuresRead MoreEssay on Internal Controls Case Study767 Words   |  4 Pages I was asked to give my recommendations on LJB Company’s internal control system before the company decides to go public in the future. Based on my review of the information that I have been given, the following are my recommendations for new internal controls: 1. Establishment of Responsibility 2. Segregation of Duties 3. Human Resources Control 4. Independent Internal Verification 5. Physical controls It is good to see that LJB recognizes the efforts of its long term employeesRead MoreAcct 504 Case Study 21024 Words   |  5 PagesPrepared for: The President of LJB Company October 5, 2014 Table of contents Introduction: _______________________________________________________________3 New internal control requirements: ______________________________________________3 What the company is doing right: _______________________________________________4 What the company is doing wrong: ______________________________________________5 Conclusion: ________________________________________________________________5 Read MoreAcct504 Case Study 21971 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study 2: Internal Control Table of Contents Introduction Part 1: Internal Control Requirements Part 2: What the Company is Doing Right Part 3: What the Company is Doing Wrong Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The LBJ Company is currently making a decision to go public or not and with that The LBJ Company will also need to become knowledgeable about their internal controls within their systems, specifically in regards to Accounting and also Human Resources and how it will affect

Oedipus Essay - 568 Words

Oedipus, from the play Oedipus the King, is a very unique character whose different aspects are revealed throughout the play. As he talks with characters such as Creon, Jocasta, and Tiresias, we get a well painted portrait of the aspects of Oedipus’ character. The ambitious aspect of Oedipus’ character is revealed through his conversations with the Leader and the Chorus. When the Leader steps up at the beginning of the play to offer suggestions, Oedipus gladly accepts; he asks no one to â€Å"hold back† (323) and for everyone to just say whatever information they had on the killing of Laius. Oedipus is very open-minded to the Leaders suggestions. He promises the citizens of his town, the Chorus, that he will find the murderer of King Laius.†¦show more content†¦When Creon asks Oedipus to listen to him, Oedipus refuses Creon and insults him in public. Even the arrogant King Oedipus can be kind and compassionate Oedipus is very kind and compassionate to Jocasta. He shows deep love and compassion towards her. When Jocasta asks something from Oedipus, â€Å"she receives from [Oedipus] whatever she desires†. (648). An example of this is when Jocasta requested him to stop arguing with Creon, Oedipus complied. While Jocasta is around, Oedipus seems to be another person; he is affectionate, instead of â€Å"haunting† as he normally is; even to Creon, he seemed to have calmed down and accepted some of Creon’s attempts at proving his innocence. Oedipus is not as kind as he is to Jocasta to everyone, especially towards Tiresias. Oedipus may be a foul mouthed character, but Tiresias is just as absurd. Oedipus’ short temper and stubbornness is exploited when he talks to Tiresias. Another trait that is revealed is impatience. When Oedipus insulted Tiresias in public, questioned his power to foresee, and accused him of lying to his fellow citizens, he replied back promptly and accused Oedipus of â€Å"scourging his own flesh and blood†(474), and said he will be â€Å"rooted from the earth brutally.† (489). Oedipus does not take this in well and kicks Tiresias out of his castle. Even though Tiresias wasn’t trying to accuse Oedipus of murder, Oedipus insultedSho w MoreRelatedThe Oedipus Complex ( Oedipus )1666 Words   |  7 Pagesmother and her son. Sigmund Freud himself came up with the Oedipus complex, which is when a boy has an attachment to the mother, which in turns results in aggressive and envious feelings toward the father and these feelings are largely repressed. The Oedipus complex comes from Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus but has largely been associated with Hamlet as well, since he and his mother Gertrude, have an extremely complicated relationship (Oedipus Complex). Hamlet is the predecessor of modern psychologicalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Oedipus Oedipus Rex 928 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Oedipus’ irrevocable circumstances as well as his flawed character that makes Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus Rex† a quintessential example of Greek drama. His circumstances, which are set by the Gods, are profound and beyond anyone’s control; either he must be killed or there will be great consequences. His parent’s rejection of the oracle set by the gods, the degrees of separation from his origin, and his flawed sense of pride is the complexity of the plot as well as what makes Oedipus the complexRead MoreOedipus The King Of Oedipus868 Words   |  4 Pageschallenge that waits upon one. Confidence overpowers cockiness. The cocky trait is heavily represented in the story â€Å"Oedipus the King† (c. 430 B.C.) by Sophocles. In the story, Oedipus the king of Thebes has the cocky trait and it results in torture for life. Oedipus’s arrogant personality shows throughout the story as he tries to find the killer of the former king of Thebes, his father. Oedipus tends to deem himself as a god throughout the story which plays a big role in interaction with people around himRead MoreOedipus The King Of Oedipus1019 Words   |  5 Pageswhat makes Oedipus actions in his quarrel with Teiresias and also throughout the play so dramatically compelling, is the fact that the audience knows the outcome of the story. We know Oedipus fate even before he does, and there is no suspen se about the outcome itself, instead, the audience anxiously awaits Oedipus to reveal his fate unto himself in his desperate quest to rid his city of the terrible plague, or maybe even more so, to simply discover his own unfortunate tale. Oedipus is relentlessRead MoreOedipus The King : Oedipus1328 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus the King Oedipus had a lot of different character traits both good and bad. He had a good conscience; he cared deeply for the people in his life and protected them. He was very empathetic, smart and a dependable man who lived his life with great integrity. He was an honest man with strong moral principles and lived a righteous life. He found it difficult to live anything less than a righteous life; when he realized what had become of his life, his guilty conscience consumed him. He was filledRead MoreOedipus By William Shakespeare s Oedipus1096 Words   |  5 PagesThebes is that they have a plague. Oedipus wants to discover the murderer of Laius in order to end the suffering of his people. 2. (Question 2) Oedipus is a man of action, but he is also a man of temper. Oedipus bullies Tiresias into answering him. It is at this point that Tiresias reveals that Oedipus has killed the previous king, Laius. A pattern emerges regarding Oedipus behavior. He has a temper, but is also used to having his way. At one point Oedipus becomes extremely angry and accusesRead More The Character of Oedipus in Oedipus and The Infernal Machine893 Words   |  4 Pages The Character of Oedipus in Oedipus and The Infernal Machine   Ã‚   The stories of Oedipus, as told through Senecas Oedipus and Cocteaus The Infernal Machine, contain both similarites and differences. Both authors portray the character of Oedipus as being obstinate, ignorant, and inquisitive. Yet Seneca and Cocteau differ on their interpretation of the motives that propelled these characteristics of Oedipus. Seneca portrays Oedipus as a mature man who, in seeing the troubles of the plague thatRead More tragoed Oedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex)1217 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King In the introduction to Sophocles Oedipus the King, Sophocles defines a tragic hero as one who [behaves] admirably as a man, [but who] is nevertheless tripped up by forces beyond his control and understanding... (Sophocles 76).   In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero. The force that trips up the hero is fate, or, moira. It is Oedipuss actions that set the events into motion,   but it is ultimately his fate, and his attemptedRead MoreThe Characterization Of Oedipus Oedipus Rex 1303 Words   |  6 PagesIn Sophocles tragic play, Oedipus Rex, there is often feedback when discussing the characterization of Oedipus. Key issues in this play are pointed towards in realm of a tragedy, because Oedipus suffers a few character flaws such as anger, pride and arrogance. Within those flaws, he fails to reflect upon his actions; causing blindness and later, result his honor to be under minded and seen at the forefront of Thebes. What makes this play more on the fringe than other tragic plays are Oedipus’sRead MoreOedipus Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesSophocles Oedipus the King is a tragic play which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus that he has killed his father and married his mother. The story of Oedipus was well known to the athenian s. Oedipus is the embodiement of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of the sphinx

What is our future going to be like if we continue Free Essays

As technology advances to enhance our lives, we begin to take no heed of the environment surrounding us. There are approximately 7 billion people In the world, and due to the vast population, our resources are dramatically being depleted. Another reason why resources are being wasted Is that people don’t know how to be echo-efficient due to lack of exposure to Information/awareness. We will write a custom essay sample on What is our future going to be like if we continue or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is also cheaper to perform activities without the concern of harming the environment. For example, most petrol cars are cheaper than electric cars. Lastly, some things work better and are efficient (despite harming [depleting the environment) than echo-friendly reduces. If we ruthlessly persist to waste resources, we will face a tremendous number of problems In the future. When resources begin to run out, prices get higher as the demand increase. This eventually leads to the ultimate annihilation of the resources, thus making the human survival to gradually decrease. We then must have to look for another source to depend until we totally wipe out its presence. This cycle will continue until we have n resources left, thus leaving us vulnerable and a possibility of experiencing slow extinction, as a human race. We should first look onto ourselves and start individually by adjusting our lifestyles to as much â€Å"environmental-efficiency as we can. Simple ways include recycling, turning off lights when not in use, buying echo-friendly products, and much more. Once you’ve felt that you’ve done enough to be â€Å"green†, begin to spread your concerns and knowledge with other to show your efforts of conserving the Earth’s resources. Begin a club or join an organization and help your community (planting gardens or simply picking up garbage). If everyone can make a small act of kindness, everyone’s efforts can make a huge difference! How to cite What is our future going to be like if we continue, Papers

Nature of state sovereignty in the post

Most scholars dealing with issues emanating from International Relations have indeed found the subject of state sovereignty to be of immense significance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of state sovereignty in the post-Cold War era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, the debate surrounding the concept of sovereignty has had far reaching effects on global politics. Moreover, the geo-political system has also benefited a lot in terms of ideas generated from the sovereignty discourse. Some of the landmark and remarkable historical occurrences that have fuelled the sovereignty debate include the rapid pace of globalization and termination of the Cold War era. This kind of alteration was also proportional to the transformation of global society that was witnessed during the Cold War era. Although some International Relations experts argue that this phenomenon has worsened the state of international a ffairs, it is vital to reiterate that all the changes that took place after the Cold War era have been beneficial to the global society. Besides, the traditional understanding of conventional practices on the state sovereignty was significantly affected. It is definite that a positive change has been realized with the alterations meted on the state of sovereignty since the culmination of the Cold War era. This essay will deduce that during the post-Cold War era, the state of sovereignty was greatly altered by key payers in world politicsAdvertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to offer an in-depth analysis of this topic; this essay has been subdivided into four sections. To begin with, a discussion will be carried out on the impact of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and how it played a significant role of reshaping the state of sovereignty especially after the end of th e Cold War. In other words, the fundamental application of the concept of sovereignty was embraced some centuries back and it is still being used in modern geo-political systems (Jackson 2007, p.367). In addition, the impacts of terminating the Cold War in regards to geo-political set up of key players in world politics will be analysed. This area focuses on the emergence of weak or failed states across the world. The failed or weak states are known to have worsened the state of world peace due to the system of unipolarism that was invented by the United States. The latter also led to conflicts both internally and beyond the territorial borders. Moreover, it will be imperative to note that lack of international order and peaceful co-existence was also instrumental towards setting up of the United Nations Organisation to oversee international peace. The world was indeed experiencing a fast-changing geo-political landscape. Bush’s main attempt was to create a unipolar system th at would control the whole world with much ease. Nonetheless, there were notable adverse effects occasioned by the aftermath of the Cold war. For example, there were various failed and weak states such as in Southern Asia, Middle East, the Balkan region and some parts of Africa (Fukuyama 2006, p. 2). Moreover, other regions such as Kosovo, Bosnia and USSR were deeply absorbed with either intra-state or inter-state conflicts. In the case of USSR and other states that were being led under communist ideals, much of the violence had already been suppressed towards the end of the Cold War.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of state sovereignty in the post-Cold War era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need to intervene for the sake of providing human needs also grew up at a very high rate especially after the end of the Cold War era. As a consequence, the state sovereignty was impacted greatly. It is also wor thy to bear in mind that it marked the period when realist ideas were quickly penetrating the geo-political systems in most states. However, this notion did not last for too long since the increasing movements mounted by global societies demanded for moral standing to be adopted in the management of world affairs. Needless to say, a typical example of such drastic changes was witnessed way back in 1999 when NATO intervened in the affairs of Kosovo. NATO played a very significant role in this country. The Extraordinary meeting that was held in April 1999 lead to the issuance of a statement regarding the Kosovo conflict. As a result, NATO took over the pacification of Kosovo in order to restore peace and order. Furthermore, state sovereignty has been affected by the impacts of globalisation especially with reference to the end of Cold War period. It is imperative to note that when the Polycentric system of governance was preferred to Statist one, globalisation of international politic al affairs was given a major boost. It is interesting that the actual understanding of the state sovereignty did not change remarkably even after the culmination of the Cold War era. The state of sovereignty was coined back in the16th century and it remained as a formidable concept throughout the Cold War period in spite of several attempts to alter its meaning and significance.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In any case, most of the international pacts and treaties between states only supported the ideals of state sovereignty. For instance, the 1648 Peace of Westphalia that had been invented by Munsterand Osnabruck added value to the conventional ideals, notions and fundamental rules of state sovereignty. These treaties have withstood the test of time even in the contemporary world politics. According to Wang (2004), the state of sovereignty still entails â€Å"absolute supremacy over internal affairs†¦absolute right to govern†¦people and freedom from any external interference†¦.† (p. 473). Therefore, the latter statement implies that no other internal or external authorities may supersede the fundamental principles of state sovereignty. Besides, states that have been declared sovereign are legally mandated to run their internal affairs without any undue interference from second or third parties. For example, it is vital to mention that even in the contemporary pol itical structures of sovereign states, the liberty to exercise internal self control (such as on matters regarding security and law enforcement) is fully guaranteed. Brown (2002, p.64) elucidates that such provisions are recognised internationally and therefore, interventions are not permitted by other states. Nevertheless, it would also be sensible to consider any latent changes that have occurred in the sovereign state since the closure of the Cold War even if those changes did not leave landmark changes to world’s geo-political systems. There are scholars who posit that since the United Nations Charter broadly embraces and codifies the components of the Peace of Westphalia treaty, it would be erroneous to assume that the sovereign state has not experienced any changes. The United Nations Charter that has embodied the aforementioned treaty notes that all of its members will be treated equally on binding matters of international affairs. However, it is worth to mention that the Peace of Westphalia treaties did not contravene the fundamental provisions of the state of sovereignty since the differences that have been noted before are largely contributed by myriads of definitions of the term ‘state of sovereignty (Hehir 2008, p.87). At this point, it would be perhaps instrumental to explore the application of the term ‘sovereignty’. According to Stephen Krasner, this terminology can be made use of in three unique ways. On the one hand, the effectiveness and structural composition of public governance constitute domestic sovereignty. On the other hand, when the state is in a position to observe and control its borders in terms of the exchange of goods and people, such kind of liberty is referred to as interdependence sovereignty. Ultimately, if other states can recognise the existence and power of a state to execute its will and also remain sovereign without external influence, it is referred to as international legal sovereignty. After the end of the Cold War era, another grand vision dubbed the â€Å"New World Order† was crafted by George Bush who was the then President of the United States of America. It is worth to assert that at this time, the United States was the only superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1989. The attempt by the United Nations Security Council to enhance law and order in weak and failed states was indeed a stark contrast to what used to happen before or eve during the Cold War era. Most states had originally preferred resolving their wrangles using internal mechanisms without involving external players. However, this kind of state sovereignty had to be overstepped at some point after the Cold War era since the Realist stance adopted by some of the states would not have stabilized international peace. Moreover, there was need for some form of international watchdog to oversee the increasing state of lawlessness accompanied by crimes against humanity. In general, there was increasing enthusiasm to safeguard and champion all forms of human rights. This was to be achieved by embracing a common approach towards the moral governance of the global geo-political system. This approach was arguably never going to be easy because some states were very rigid in terms of governance policies. It was against this backdrop of rigidity that Boutros Boutros-Ghali (the then UN Secretary General) warned that exclusive sovereignty among states would no long work since its time had passed long ago. In other terms, the demands of the global political systems had presented hard reality that demanded humanitarian intervention at some point (Weiss 2011, p.105). When the United Nations Security Council became operational, it was possible for it to achieve its major goals and objectives bearing in mind that the end of the Cold War provided a favorable political environment for the UN security organ because states were no longer fighting for technological, economic or military superiority. In addition, the Council was determined to remain rational and partial in decision making without inclining towards certain ideologies that were being propagated by different states. The Council’s remit was evident when it mandated about forty missions to maintain peace in war-torn areas during the early 19990s (The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001). The post Cold War era also witnessed the emergence of the need to safeguard the basic rights of citizens who belonged in other sovereign states. This responsibility was largely left on the docket of host countries. Consequently, myriads of human rights rhetoric sprang up with increased demand for fairness among individuals from diverse nationalities. Although the state was left to guard against human rights from being abused, the post Cold War era has interestingly experienced unprecedented growth of civil society groups across the globe. These groups have indeed taken ov er more proactive roles than the state in championing for human rights. Besides, the ideals behind Cosmopolitanism have inspired the global society movements in the sense that the former believes in giving priority to shared common morality and equality among citizens and non-citizens. The realist ideology on the sovereign state was further hampered by the rapid growth of the global civil societies that fought for better methods of engagement when addressing human rights. Moreover, in cases where lack of humanitarian intervention were prevalent among weak states, the human rights civil societies took very firm positions that overrode those of the state. The human rights discourse that took a normative approach depicted that human rights could easily be violated in cases where there were no interventions by the state or political systems that preferred a realist approach. It is also apparent that the normative discourse must have achieved far reaching goals as evident among authors l ike Thomas Weiss. Most of the arguments presented by civil society groups during the post Cold War era were quite categorical that independence, population, authority and territory were the four major contentious areas of state sovereignty that needed to be followed strictly in protecting human rights. In response, the United Nations came up with new resolutions that would adequately standardize and justify the globally accepted humanitarian interventions. The Security Council has an express mandate of taking stern action against any country that may fail to protect its people (Weiss 2011, p.105). After the Cold War era, there are several changes that have been witnessed on how wars are fought among states with territorial borders as well as sovereign states that may be harboring terror groups such as Al Qaeda. Before the post Cold War era, terror groups were found within given states where they could launch internal attacks. A case example is the Irish Republican Army. However, the modern terror gangs are composed of individuals drawn across the world. There are some International Relations scholars who posit that materialism and western liberal ideals are to blame on the rising cases of terrorism since some cultures feel threatened and therefore opt for violence as the best solution (Kiras 2011, p.370). Although all international interventions by the United Nations have to be based on specific resolutions of the Security Council, it is imperative to mention that the sovereignty of a state may be interfered with by an international community since morality is given higher priority than sovereignty of a state. This scenario was witnessed when the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) intervened in Kosovo. Furthermore, any other international law can also be superseded by the fundamentals of morality. It is definite that the international legal sovereignty and the Westphalian treaties have been vastly degraded or altered with the involvement of the internat ional community. Globalisation rapidly took shape during the post Cold War era since global governance ended up adopting a polycentric system in preference to a statist system. Aspects such as terrorism, business and finance also took a global approach. As a consequence, the Westphalian sovereignty and domestic sovereignty were greatly weakened. In 1999, the then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan observed that international cooperation and forces of globalization were keenly redefining the state of sovereignty among states across the world (United Nations 1999, p. 37). Such a move indicated that the global political arena would be vastly affected due the adoption of the pluralistic position in addressing human rights (Willetts 2011, p.45). Actors such as Green Peace, Amnesty International, European Union, United Nations and Microsoft were interfering with some decision making processes and political thinking in different states. The fiscal and credit policy as well as adequate control of money has been lost by many states due to the effects of transnatiolization coupled with the impacts of globalization (Brown 2002, p.121). In addition, some states are currently finding it cumbersome to harness capital flow within their borders because the financial system has been significantly globalised. The Euro-zone debt crisis is one of the typical and latest case examples of how a globalised financial state of economy can impact state of sovereignty. When the Republic of Ireland and Greece were compelled by the European Union to execute austerity measures that were fiscally severe, the impacts were financially devastating. The economies of the affected sovereign states were eventually managed by the European Union. Hence, the action fully ignored the electorates and their leaders. This action contradicted the fundamental ideals of Westphalian, international, and domestic sovereignty (Scholte 2005, p. 123). To recap it all, it is vital to reiterate that this paper has expl ored how the state of sovereignty has transformed since the end of the Cold War period. The paper has also offered an incisive look at whether the above discussed alterations were negative or positive. After discussing the pre-Cold War era when the Westphalian sovereignty was adopted and also the consequent changes during the Post Cold War era (such as the upsurge of human rights and globalisation), it can be concluded that the state of sovereignty has undergone positive changes that are beneficial to human society. References Brown, C 2002, Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International political theory today, Polity Press, Cambridge. Fukuyama, F 2006, Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, The John Hopkins University Press, Maryland. Hehir, A 2008, Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo: Iraq, Darfur and the record of Global Civil Society, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Jackson, R 2007, Sovereignty: Evolution of an idea. Polity Press, Cambridge. Kiras, J 2011, Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to international relations, Oxford University Press, New York. Scholte, A J 2005, Globalization a critical introduction (2nd ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 2001, The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, IDRC Books, Ottawa. United Nations 1999, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary General, United Nations, New York. Wang, G 2004, â€Å"The impact of Globalization on State Sovereignty†. Chinese Journal of International Law. Vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 473-484. Weiss, T 2011, Thinking about global governance: why people and ideas matter, Routledge, Oxon. Willetts, P 2011, Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to international relations, Oxford University Press, New York. This essay on Nature of state sovereignty in the post-Cold War era was written and submitted by user Samuel Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.